![]() Echoic memory stores information longer than iconic memory does, normally holding sounds for 3 or 4 seconds but perhaps as long as 10 seconds (Samms, Hari, Rif, & Knuutila, 1993). Auditory sensory memory is called echoic memory because sounds linger in it. But how much of the information that stimulates our visual receptors is stored in iconic memory? That question inspired the classic experiment discussed in "The Research Process" box.Īuditory sensory memory serves a purpose analogous to that of visual sensory memory, blending together successive pieces of auditory information. Notice how iconic memory lets you see a blurred image of the path taken by the pen. You can demonstrate iconic memory by rapidly swinging a pen back and forth. The movie projector presented the frames at a rate (commonly 24 frames a second) that made each successive frame appear just before the previous one left your iconic memory, blending together the successive images and creating the impression of smooth motion. Visual sensory memory is called iconic memory an image stored in it is called an icon (from the Greek word for "image"). So why did you see smooth motion instead of a rapidly presented series of individual pictures? You did so because of your visual sensory memory, which stores images for up to a second. It was actually a series of frames, each containing a picture slightly different from the one before it. Though some psychologists question the existence of separate information-processing stages for sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory, there is strong evidence in support of them (Cowan, 1988). Figure 7.1.1 summarizes this information-processing model of memory. Forgetting is analogous to the erasing of information on a hard drive. We are also subject to forgetting-the failure to retrieve information from memory. Similarly, we often rely on cues to retrieve memories that have been stored in the brain. When you strike certain keys, you provide the computer with cues that make it retrieve the information you desire. Retrieval is the recovery of information from memory. In human and animal memory, information is stored in the brain. Computers typically store information on hard drives or CDs. Storage is the retention of information in memory. Similarly, information in your memory is stored in codes that your brain can process. ![]() When you strike the keys on a computer keyboard, your actions are translated into a code that the computer understands. Encoding is the conversion of information into a form that can be stored in memory. ![]() The handling of information at each memory stage has been compared to information processing by a computer, which involves encoding, storage, and retrieval. Your ability to recall old memories indicates that information also passes from long-term memory into short-term memory. Information transferred from short-term memory into long-term memory can be stored for up to a lifetime. When you attend to information in sensory memory, it is transferred to short-term memory, which stores it for about 20 seconds unless you maintain it through mental rehearsal-as when you repeat a phone number to yourself long enough to dial it. ![]() There are three types of sensory memory that have been studied: iconic (visual), haptic (touch), and echoic (auditory). Sensory memories last for a brief period-from less than 1 second to several seconds. In this stage, sensory information from the world around you is taken in by sensory receptors and processed by the central nervous system. Sensory memory, also known as the sensory register, is the first stage of memory. Their model assumes that memory involves the processing of information in three successive stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. This predominance is reflected in the most influential model of memory, developed by Richard Shiffrin and Richard Atkinson (1969). Question to answer: After reading the information about encoding and retrieval, what can you do to change the way you study that will be consistent with the points raised in that section of the chapter? Explain.ĭuring the past three decades, memory research has been driven by the "cognitive revolution" in psychology, which views the mind as an information processor.
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